美國國家壓瘡咨詢委員會(National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel ,NPUAP)2016年4月13日公布了一項(xiàng)術(shù)語更改聲明：將“壓力性潰瘍”（Pressure ulcer）更改為“壓力性損傷”(Pressure injury)，并且更新了壓力性損傷的分期系統(tǒng)。

在NPUAP公布的壓力性損傷分期系統(tǒng)中，“壓力性損傷”替代了“壓力性潰瘍”。這一更改更加準(zhǔn)確地描述了完整或潰瘍皮膚處的壓力性損傷。在之前的分期系統(tǒng)中，1期和深部組織損傷期用來描述完整的損傷皮膚，其余分期描述開放性潰瘍皮膚。由于所有的分期都將損傷納入了“壓力性潰瘍”的范疇，這導(dǎo)致了一些混淆。

除了術(shù)語的改變，新的分期系統(tǒng)中，阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字替代了羅馬數(shù)字，“可疑深部組織損傷”名稱中去除了“可疑”二字。另外還增加了“醫(yī)療器械相關(guān)性壓力性損傷”以及“粘膜壓力性損傷”兩個(gè)定義。

更新的分期系統(tǒng)包括以下定義

壓力性損傷是位于骨隆突處、醫(yī)療或其它器械下的皮膚和/或軟組織的局部損傷。可表現(xiàn)為完整皮膚或開放性潰瘍，可能會伴疼痛感。損傷是由于強(qiáng)烈和/或長期存在的壓力或壓力聯(lián)合剪切力導(dǎo)致。軟組織對壓力和剪切力的耐受性可能會受到微環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)、灌注、合并癥以及軟組織情況的影響。

01期

指壓不變白紅斑，皮膚完整

局部皮膚完好，出現(xiàn)壓之不變白的紅斑，深色皮膚表現(xiàn)可能不同；指壓變白紅斑或者感覺、皮溫、硬度的改變可能比觀察到皮膚改變更先出現(xiàn)。此期的顏色改變不包括紫色或栗色變化，因?yàn)檫@些顏色變化提示可能存在深部組織損傷。

02期

部分皮層缺失伴真皮層暴露

部分皮層缺失伴隨真皮層暴露。傷口床有活性、呈粉色或紅色、濕潤，也可表現(xiàn)為完整的或破損的漿液性水皰。脂肪及深部組織未暴露。無肉芽組織、腐肉、焦痂。該期損傷往往是由于骨盆皮膚微環(huán)境破壞和受到剪切力，以及足跟受到的剪切力導(dǎo)致。該分期不能用于描述潮濕相關(guān)性皮膚損傷，比如失禁性皮炎，皺褶處皮炎，以及醫(yī)療黏膠相關(guān)性皮膚損傷或者創(chuàng)傷傷口（皮膚撕脫傷，燒傷，擦傷）。

03期

全層皮膚缺失

全層皮膚缺失，常?？梢娭?、肉芽組織和邊緣內(nèi)卷。可見腐肉和/或焦痂。不同解剖位置的組織損傷的深度存在差異；脂肪豐富的區(qū)域會發(fā)展成深部傷口?？赡軙霈F(xiàn)潛行或竇道。無筋膜，肌肉，肌腱，韌帶，軟骨和/或骨暴露。如果腐肉或焦痂掩蓋組織缺損的深度，則為不可分期壓力性損傷。

04期

全層皮膚和組織缺失

全層皮膚和組織缺失，可見或可直接觸及到筋膜、肌肉、肌腱、韌帶、軟骨或骨頭?？梢姼夂?或焦痂。常常會出現(xiàn)邊緣內(nèi)卷，竇道和/或潛行。不同解剖位置的組織損傷的深度存在差異。如果腐肉或焦痂掩蓋組織缺損的深度，則為不可分期壓力性損傷。

不可分期

全層皮膚和組織缺失，損傷程度被掩蓋

全層皮膚和組織缺失，由于被腐肉和/焦痂掩蓋，不能確認(rèn)組織缺失的程度。只有去除足夠的腐肉和/或焦痂，才能判斷損傷是3期還是4期。缺血肢端或足跟的穩(wěn)定型焦痂（表現(xiàn)為：干燥，緊密粘附，完整無紅斑和波動感）不應(yīng)去除。

深部組織損傷

持續(xù)的指壓不變白，顏色為深紅色，栗色或紫色

完整或破損的局部皮膚出現(xiàn)持續(xù)的指壓不變白深紅色，栗色或紫色，或表皮分離呈現(xiàn)黑色的傷口床或充血水皰。疼痛和溫度變化通常先于顏色改變出現(xiàn)。深色皮膚的顏色表現(xiàn)可能不同。這種損傷是由于強(qiáng)烈和/或長期的壓力和剪切力作用于骨骼和肌肉交界面導(dǎo)致。該期傷口可迅速發(fā)展暴露組織缺失的實(shí)際程度，也可能溶解而不出現(xiàn)組織缺失。如果可見壞死組織、皮下組織、肉芽組織、筋膜、肌肉或其他深層結(jié)構(gòu)，說明這是全皮層的壓力性損傷（不可分期、3期或4期）。該分期不可用于描述血管、創(chuàng)傷、神經(jīng)性傷口或皮膚病。

附加的壓力性損傷定義

醫(yī)療器械相關(guān)性壓力性損傷：該概念描述了損傷的原因。醫(yī)療器械相關(guān)性壓力性損傷，是指由于使用用于診斷或治療的醫(yī)療器械而導(dǎo)致的壓力性損傷，損傷部位形狀通常與醫(yī)療器械形狀一致。這一類損傷可以根據(jù)上述分期系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行分期。

粘膜壓力性損傷

由于使用醫(yī)療器械導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)部位粘膜出現(xiàn)的壓力性損傷。由于這些損傷組織的解剖特點(diǎn)，這一類損傷無法進(jìn)行分期。

NPUAP網(wǎng)站原文地址及原文內(nèi)容

http://www.npuap.org/resources/educational-and-clinical-resources/npuap-pressure-injury-stages/

NPUAP Pressure Injury Stages

The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel redefined the definition of a pressure injuries during the NPUAP 2016 Staging Consensus Conference that was held April 8-9, 2016 in Rosemont (Chicago), IL.

The updated staging definitions were presented at a meeting of over 400 professionals.  Using a consensus format, Dr. Mikel Gray from the University of Virginia adeptly guided the Staging Task Force and meeting participants to consensus on the updated definitions through an interactive discussion and voting process.  During the meeting, the participants also validated the new terminology using photographs.

The updated staging system includes the following definitions:

Pressure Injury:

A pressure injury is localized damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device. The injury can present as intact skin or an open ulcer and may be painful. The injury occurs as a result of intense and/or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear. The tolerance of soft tissue for pressure and shear may also be affected by microclimate, nutrition, perfusion, co-morbidities and condition of the soft tissue.

Stage 1 Pressure Injury: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

Intact skin with a localized area of non-blanchable erythema, which may appear differently in darkly pigmented skin. Presence of blanchable erythema or changes in sensation, temperature, or firmness may precede visual changes. Color changes do not include purple or maroon discoloration; these may indicate deep tissue pressure injury.

Stage 2 Pressure Injury: Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis

Partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis. The wound bed is viable, pink or red, moist, and may also present as an intact or ruptured serum-filled blister. Adipose (fat) is not visible and deeper tissues are not visible. Granulation tissue, slough and eschar are not present. These injuries commonly result from adverse microclimate and shear in the skin over the pelvis and shear in the heel.  This stage should not be used to describe moisture associated skin damage (MASD) including incontinence associated dermatitis (IAD), intertriginous dermatitis (ITD), medical adhesive related skin injury (MARSI), or traumatic wounds (skin tears, burns, abrasions).

Stage 3 Pressure Injury: Full-thickness skin loss

Full-thickness loss of skin, in which adipose (fat) is visible in the ulcer and granulation tissue and epibole (rolled wound edges) are often present. Slough and/or eschar may be visible. The depth of tissue damage varies by anatomical location; areas of significant adiposity can develop deep wounds.  Undermining and tunneling may occur. Fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage and/or bone are not exposed. If slough or eschar obscures the extent of tissue loss this is an Unstageable Pressure Injury.

Stage 4 Pressure Injury: Full-thickness skin and tissue loss

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss with exposed or directly palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage or bone in the ulcer. Slough and/or eschar may be visible. Epibole (rolled edges), undermining and/or tunneling often occur. Depth varies by anatomical location. If slough or eschar obscures the extent of tissue loss this is an Unstageable Pressure Injury.

Unstageable Pressure Injury: Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss in which the extent of tissue damage within the ulcer cannot be confirmed because it is obscured by slough or eschar.  If slough or eschar is removed, a Stage 3 or Stage 4 pressure injury will be revealed. Stable eschar (i.e. dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance) on the heel or ischemic limb should not be softened or removed.

Deep Tissue Pressure Injury: Persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon or purple discoloration

Intact or non-intact skin with localized area of persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, purple discoloration or epidermal separation revealing a dark wound bed or blood filled blister. Pain and temperature change often precede skin color changes. Discoloration may appear differently in darkly pigmented skin.  This injury results from intense and/or prolonged pressure and shear forces at the bone-muscle interface.  The wound may evolve rapidly to reveal the actual extent of tissue injury, or may resolve without tissue loss. If necrotic tissue, subcutaneous tissue, granulation tissue, fascia, muscle or other underlying structures are visible, this indicates a full thickness pressure injury (Unstageable, Stage 3 or Stage 4). Do not use DTPI to describe vascular, traumatic, neuropathic, or dermatologic conditions.

Additional pressure injury definitions.

Medical Device Related Pressure Injury:

This describes an etiology.

Medical device related pressure injuries result from the use of devices designed and applied for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. The resultant pressure injury generally conforms to the pattern or shape of the device. The injury should be staged using the staging system.

Mucosal Membrane Pressure Injury:  Mucosal membrane pressure injury is found on mucous membranes with a history of a medical device in use at the location of the injury. Due to the anatomy of the tissue these ulcers cannot be staged.